Racial Inequality And Its Effects On A Student s Development

People of color in the classroom are challenged by tough circumstances that many of their mainstream counterparts may not be exposed to on a daily basis. Whether it is ethnicity, family sizefamily size, first language, poverty or any other number of characteristics that people of color face, they do in fact, have a strong impact on a student’s development. People of color are more likely to be born into poverty than their white counterparts. In 2013, only 11% of Asian Americans and Whites lived below or at the poverty line. In contrast to 18% for Pacific Islanders lived below or at the poverty line, 21% of Hispanics, 22% of Blacks and 25% of Native Americans. (Museus, Ledesma, Parker, 2015). Though Asian Americans experienced less poverty than any other ethnic group there were drastic disparities within their communities . Poverty can affect a student in many ways. They might not be able to focus due to hunger, evictions, stress and in some sad cases from working to help thei r parents support their families. Racial differences have also been linked to health. People of color experience more frequent health problems than their white counterparts. Communities of color that experience high poverty rates are more likely to have health problems due to inability to access quality health care and have even been linked to higher mortality rates than those of people of color nationwide (Museus, Ledesma, Parker, 2015). This is yet another factor to consider whenShow MoreRelatedThe Events Of The 1960 s And Through The 1970 S1407 Words   |  6 PagesRodena Woods –History 102- 12/12/15- Final Essay How did the events from the later 1960’s and through the 1970’s contribute to cynicism and mistrust toward the nation’s leaders, especially those in politics? 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The rectification of educational exclusion came from the infamous case of Brown v. The Board of Education. This ground-breaking civil rights case was the first situation of educational

Analysis Of The Article The New Jim Crow - 1670 Words

Loà ¯c Wacquant, in describing the current prison regime, defined the current state of Black life as existing within a carceral continuum in which the ghetto is simply an extrajudicial prison and the prison is a judicial ghetto. Frank B. Wilderson would write that the carceral continuum is not an experience of Black life, but rather a condition of Black existence in which the paradigm of the slave ship is remade over and over again in the image of the plantation, Jim Crow, the ghetto and now the prison-industrial complex. Building off this, Michelle Alexander, in her article â€Å"The New Jim Crow, explores how this this timeless paradigm manifest currently, explaining that the manifestation of the prison system is the new Jim Crow. She explains that this occurs through the over-representation of minorities in prison and then their subjection to laws which effectively replicate Jim Crow. In short, the system never died, it just changed. Alexander’s claim for the basis of t his â€Å"new† system is actually less dependent on justifying that there are now new methods of denying rights to racialized minorities (in particular Black Americans) than for the argument that the system did not change, in terms of its mechanisms, at all, but only began to use different words to describe its processes. She writes that: What has changed since the collapse of Jim Crow has less to do with the basic structure of our society than the language we use to justify it†¦ Rather than rely on race, we useShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Jim Crow Policing By Bob Herbert1228 Words   |  5 PagesSummary and Analysis of â€Å"Jim Crow Policing† This article entitled â€Å"Jim Crow Policing†, written by Bob Herbert, is an opinionated article which aims to shed light on the alleged racist and xenophobic behaviors of the New York Police Department. 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As they get closer to the merry-go-round, he anticipates all the fun he will have, but then a puzzled look crosses his face.â€Å"Merry-Go-Round† by Langston Hughes criticizes the Jim Crow laws in the U.S. The justice system of Jim Crow were state and local lawsRead MoreA Cycle of Struggles Endured by the African American Race1301 Words   |  5 Pagesaspects of racism and economic segregation that occur within residential areas. This being said, many individuals of the African American race become primary targets and victims to devastating economic and social disadvantages. The articles, Survival and Death in New Orleans: An Empirical Look at the Human Impact of Katrina written by Patrick Sharkey and African American Men and the Prison Industrial Complex by Earl Smith and Angela J. Hattery similarly bring attention to the social injusticesRead MoreThe Case Against Passing a Law or Bill that Would Allow Gay Marriage880 Words   |  4 Pagesbelief s. 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Advantages of Retaining Older Workers Free Essays

Encouraging older workers to remain in the workforce has many advantages along with some disadvantages for both the employee and the workforce in general. The term older worker refers to workers aged sixty-five and over. Older workers are an invaluable asset to the Australian workforce. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages of Retaining Older Workers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through age and life experience older workers hold great knowledge and wisdom in which they are able to pass onto the younger generation. Traditionally there was an age where people retired, however people these days people are now living longer. Therefore the time spent in retirement has also increased. This means people today will have to work longer than ever before to cover the costs of their retirement. This essay will outline why Australia needs to retain older workers in the workforce, why older people are staying in the workforce for longer and discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with encouraging older workers to stay in the workforce for longer. Australia’s decreasing birthrate and an ever-increasing life expectancy has caused the Australian Government as well as employers to become increasingly concerned about how the distribution of the population within the workforce will affect the Australian economy. Presently the net growth of the Australian workforce is 170,000 people each year. Access Economics has estimated that over the decade 2020 to 2030, the Australian workforce is expected to only grow by only 125,000 people. That averages a mere 12,500 people per year. The ramifications for Australia are clear, new entrants will simply not provide enough manpower to the workforce to meet expected demand. (Andrews, K 2003) This demographic shift means the workforce will need to rely more on older workers in the near future, as Australia can no longer afford to waste the valuable resources that older workers contribute to businesses, the economy and society in general. Older workers will be crucial to the success of many companies in the future, and contribute greatly to the profitability and the survival of these companies. Australia’s need to encourage older workers to stay in the workforce for longer, will mean employers will need to structure the work environment in such a way as to fit in with the activities that older people are wanting to do. â€Å"The main reason why older workers retire or leave the workforce is to pursue new activities. † (Future of Work) While the government is encouraging people to work longer if they can, beyond traditional retirement ages, older workers are unlikely to respond to that call unless work can be more flexible and better organised to take account of what they want to do with their time. Many older workers don’t want to give up working all together and would prefer to work part time so they can still earn an income whilst having the flexibility to peruse new activities. The Government as a policy-setter and as an employer will need to meet this demand, just as the corporate sector will, by increasing workplace flexibility in order to encourage older workers to remain in the workforce for longer. 2005 figures from the Australian Bureau of Statistics shows that grandparents are delivering childcare services to more than 660,000 children nation wide. This information has lead the ACT Chief Minister Mr John Stanhope to agree with the need for the restructure of workforce practices inorder to encourage older workers to remain in the workforce for longer and in particuar older workers within the ACT public service sector. Mr Stanhope says that â€Å"Our ageing workforce, and our need to retain older workers for longer, means that over time we will need to provide working conditions that better suit mature-age workers. Mr Stanhope also believes that a side benefit of having more flexible working arrangements will also encourage retention of younger staff because they will see that their employers can be open and adaptable to change and work-life balance. â€Å"We need to ensure younger employees can also see the benefits of older workers in their workplace, not as competition for jobs, or barriers to promotion, but as the leaders who will help redefine work practices. (Changing working conditions to suit, 2007) (ACT Chief Minister Exploring Grandparental Leave, 29th August 2007) Encouraging older workers to remain in the workforce for longer has endless advantages for the workforce in general, as older workers possess more life experience and work experience than their younger counter parts. Older workers are a great on the job training resource as they have a greater willingness to share experiences with their younger co-workers and have fewer external responsibilities and distractions as their children have all grown up. According to research conducted by Australian Health Management, workers aged 55 or above are more productive than under-35s because they suffer less depression and headaches, and have no childcare problems. While the younger group of workers had an average of 19% reduction in productivity due to childcare responsibilities, allergies, depression, headaches, and asthma. A recent case study conducted by DMS Glass found that the employers considered that their older workers provided higher quality standards, which in turn encouraged younger employees to improve, as experienced staff passed on the benefit of their years of knowledge. Mature workers will also stay longer at an organisation, especially after receiving training, reather than younger workers, who are five times more likely to change jobs than a mature age worker. Older workers also have less absenteeism and sick leave and, fewer accidents than their younger colleagues. (The Australian, 2006) Influencing older people to remain in the workforce not only benefits the workforce and the economy, but it also has advantages for the worker themselves. As people age they want to remain as physically, mentally healthy and as socially active for as long as possible, and for many, work serves as a means of being able to do so. â€Å"Research tells us that there is a correlation between staying in the workforce and good health. † (Managing Your Ageing Workforce Conference, 2005. ) work also provides individuals with a sense of purpose, income and status. The reality that people today are spending longer in retirement than ever before emphasises the point that individuals will need to remain in the workforce for longer to ensure that they are financially able to live out a comfortable retirement. Some disadvantages to having older workers remain in the workforce for longer include the risk of health problems associated with older workers and their ability to perform as efficiently as their younger counterparts. As people get older they are more subject to deteriorating health, this is a part of life, and something that we have little control over. With deteriorating health these older workers may have to take time off work to attend medical appointments and may even have to restrict some of their work activities for health reasons. With older workers being restricted in their ability to perform certain tasks that are part of their job description this could prove costly to the employer as the employer will have to bare the costs of employing someone else to carry out these tasks that the older worker can no longer perform. Another problem with older workers being limited in their ability to perform certain tasks is their ability to be allocated another job within a firm or seek employment else ware as â€Å"a high proportion of older workers lack qualifications and have acquired their work skills on the job and these work skills may be specific to their occupation. (Managing Your Ageing Workforce Conference, 2005. ) Older workers are also more likely to be resistant to change, less willing to work long hours, and less willing to train. However this fact is debatable as professor McGregor from the University of Surry has found that older workers saw themselves as being â€Å"committed to the job with employees seeing themselves as eminently willing and able to be trained. † Encouraging older workers to remain in the workforce will be crucial to the success, profit, and survival of many Australian businesses in the future. The decline in Australia’s birthrate means the Australian workforce will grow an estimated 125,000 people over the decade from 2020 to 2030, which clearly it is not enough workers to meet demand. With this in mind employers will need to rely more on older workers in the future and have to find ways to restructure the work environment in such a way as to fit in with the activities that older people are wanting to do as it has become a known fact through much research that many older workers leave the workforce in pursuit of new activities. If the workplace were restructured as to fit in with the wants and needs of older workers, older workers would be able to have the best of both worlds by being able to still earn an income whilst having the flexibility to peruse new activities. Generally there are more advantages than disadvantages in having older workers remain in the workforce for longer; within the near future, older workers will prove to be an invaluable asset to the Australian workforce and play a crucial role in sustaining Australias economic stability. Bibliography Andrews, K 2003, opening address at the Ageless Workforce Symposium, Sydney, 7 August 2003, Viewed 9th September 2007, . Davies, M 2005, Labour Force Participation by Older Workers, What Influences Decision-making, Victoria University of Wellington, Viewed 29th August 2007. . Mercer Human Resource Consulting, The Productivity Commission’s Draft Report, Economic Implications of Ageing Australia, February 23, 2005, Viewed 29th August 2007, . Fr anklin, M 2006, November 14, Older workers more productive, The Australian, Viewed 10th September 2007, . Facing an Ageing Workforce, Information for Public Service HR Managers, State Services Commission, April 2004. Executive summary, updated 12th May 2004, Viewed 29th August 2007, . Hayden , C Boaz, A and Taylor, F 1999, Attitudes and aspirations of older people, a qualitative study, Viewed 6th October 2007, . Minister for Ageing, The Hon Julie Bishop, addresses the Managing Your Ageing Workforce Conference in Sydney, Viewed 29th August 2007, . Changing working conditions to suit, 2007, August 28, The Canberra Chronicle, p. 5. ACT Chief Minister Exploring Grandparental Leave, 29th August 2007, Viewed 9th September 2007. . Work and ageing 2005, Causes of our ageing population, Viewed September 9th 2007, . How to cite Advantages of Retaining Older Workers, Papers

Process Reusable Medical Devices & Equipment-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Detail the process that you would take to prepare used items on an instrument tray containing used non-critical, critical, and semi-critical items for sterilisation. List your procedure from contaminated tray to readiness for sterilising. 2.You have been asked to provide instruction on sterilisation processes at your dental surgery to a newly employed dental assistant. Included is how to load and unload the steam steriliser and the importance of monitoring and recording the sterilisation. 3.In order to maintain effective operation, washing, and sterilisation, equipment requires regular cleaning and maintenance that meets both manufacturer recommendations and Australian standards. Describe the daily, weekly, monthly, and as scheduled maintenance procedures that should be undertaken for maintaining a steriliser. Answers: 1.Case study -1 The reprocessing of medical materials for sterilisation seems to be an easy process but if understood properly it is a complicated process that requires serious practices to ensure complete sterilisation. As per infection prevention principles, biomedical services and occupational health instructions cleaning and disinfecting are reprocessing practices along with some PPE rules for workers that are strictly required before sterilisation[1]. The personal protective equipment (PPE) rules are very first requirement that workers should follow to carry on a proper reprocessing for sterilisation. The PPE requirement includes: - Workers should perform hand hygiene both before and after removing gloves using soap, water, sanitizers and alcohol as per requirement. Workers should wear all the PPE equipments to avoid the risk of infections for contaminated stuff (blood and body fluid). Workers should follow manufacturers recommendations for cleaning specific equipments[2]. Further, the cleaning process is performed before disinfection or sterilisation that involves proper sorting of as critical, semi-critical and noncritical items. The sterilisation performed for different categories are always different, for example- critical items undergo steam, chemical or liquid sterilisation, semi-critical involves thermal or chemical sterilisation and noncritical items are cleaned using detergent. The cleaning process involves: - Workers need to open instruments, remove clips and latches followed by rinsing instruments with warm water to remove dirt. The dirt collected contains four categories of wastes that are clinical, cytotoxic, anatomical and sharps waste. All these waste have separate categories of bins where they should be separately and safely disposed off. Further, the harmful waste is disposed of in biohazard waste destruction bin for safe destruction. Scrubbing with the brush is performed for proper cleaning further rinsing with water. Further, instruments are dried using the lint-free cloth and individual instruments are inspected before sterilisation. After cleaning disinfecting is performed where immerse instruments are disinfected as per the manufacturer manual. The instruments are fully covered and kept for disinfection followed by removal of disinfectant with water. Further, they are dried with cloth and disinfectant is completely thrown as waste[3][4]. 2.Sterilisation For a newly engaged dental assistant, it is important to know that sterilisation is an essential and imperative part of dental practice. It is required for each and every dental worker to perform sterilisation as per Australian Standard AS4187 in his or her medical practice. The following steps help to understand the complete sterilisation process in the appropriate manner. Firstly, collect the equipments required for sterilisation that are steriliser, packages (paper/laminate materials), sterilization trays (metal or plastic tray with holes), permanent marker, clean tongs, indicator tape, recording and monitoring books. Pre-clean and dry all the used items Put the instruments in the sterilising tray followed by packing the content so that they are clearly visible through the laminate side. Ensure that sharp instrument tips are protected to stop damage to packaging. The waiting time between packaging and sterilisation should be kept minimum to avoid contamination. Label the packages with the permanent market before sterilisation with identification name or code and date. Try to record these label in monitoring books as well for tracking faults in sterilisation process. Seal the packages with indicator tape across its width overlapping on each side[5]. Loading steam steriliser Ensure that air is completely removed from chamber without blocking the air vents Further, keep instruments in a proper manner that steam is surely able to reach and saturate all surfaces for sterilisation. Assure that all the condensation is completely drained away The instruments must not stick out of the tray and even not touch the chamber walls. Arrange unpackaged instruments in a single row in the tray. Further, assure that all packaged instruments are lying flat on the tray with paper side facing down. Put Hollowware on the sides of sterilisation tray to let the air and condensation drain away. Further, let the linen hanging vertically upwards with no further adding to packages material above it. Use distilled water in steam steriliser and allow sterilisation following correct time + correct temperature + correct preparation process. Unloading steam steriliser Follow the drying cycle after sterilisation is complete where assure that packages are not open until drying cycle is complete. Unload the steriliser using tongs one by one removing single tray or instrument at one time. Remember to wear PPE required for unloading sterilizer. Check the change in indicator colour to ensure sterilisation without harming seal. Record the pressure, temperature, time and then sign off. Keep instruments on the non-solid surface to let them dry without using fans. However, if instruments are to be used directly without drying then use sterile gloves to remove packaging paper. Single dry instrument using a lint-free cloth. For proper maintenance of sterilisation, it is essential to record and monitor the complete process. This helps to detect faults, improve loopholes and missing essentials in the process. For record keeping and monitoring an operating manual, commissioning data copy and a log of the ongoing process, maintenance and calibration should be kept while performing sterilisation[6]. 3.Case study -3 Maintenance of steriliser For getting a good quality performance of a steam steriliser it is essential to provide regular maintenance programme that ensures proper functionality. Any kind of malfunction in maintenance process can lead to damage to sterilise. The below provided are details of daily, weekly, monthly and as scheduled maintenance process that is required to maintain a steam steriliser. Daily maintenance Clean the steriliser regularly especially the rubber chamber seal, sterile trays and inner surface with mild detergent, warm water and a soft cloth. Further, rinse well before use. Use nylon scourer to clean the metal surface of chamber seal very gently using mild detergent and water. Weekly maintenance Weekly clean the sterilisation chamber, tray racks, trays and outer surfaces using disinfectant, mild detergent and warm water Water reservoir should be drained and flushed on weekly basis. Monthly maintenance Lubricate hinge and closing mechanism of door monthly if required using silicone-lubricating spray. However, try to use the lubricating spray very rarely. Remove and clean debris from primary filters on monthly basis As scheduled Bacterial filters and chamber seals require periodic replacement depending on the brand, rate of usage, age and handling of steriliser. Therefore, this maintenance is required to be scheduled by the operator as per need[7]. Importance of quality assurance of sterilisation equipment Quality assurance testing and servicing will ensure lifelong reliability and safety of sterilisation instrument. The regular servicing and validity test are two methods that ensure the quality of steriliser. Regular service via manufacturer or approved service company shall reduce breakdown frequencies ensuring the safe use of steriliser. Further, below provided four validity tests ensure the validity of steriliser Heat distribution test- Detect the coldest spot of the chamber Penetration time test- Measuring the real time taken for challenge pack centre to reach active temperature of sterilisation Cycle confirmation test - Validation single sterilisation cycle as per Australian standards Biological test- This test confirms consistency of steriliser for medical functionality[8]. Bibliography Agar, J. W. (2012). Personal viewpoint: hemodialysiswater, power, and waste disposal: rethinking our environmental responsibilities.Hemodialysis International,16(1), 6-10. Dillard, D. (2014). Research Guides: DISASTERS: Social Work Guide: Disasters: Health and Medical Fields Issues and Topics. Dorsch, J. A. (2012).Understanding anesthesia equipment. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Hadi, R., Vickery, K., Deva, A., Charlton, T. (2010). Biofilm removal by medical device cleaners: comparison of two bioreactor detection assays.Journal of Hospital Infection,74(2), 160-167. Havens, W. H., Hennick, R. J. (2012).U.S. Patent No. 8,203,124. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Jabbari, H., Alikhah, H., Alamdari, N. S., Behzad, M. N., Mehrabi, E., Borzui, L., Bakhshian, F. (2012). Developing the use of quality indicators in sterilization practices.Iranian journal of public health,41(7), 64. Kucklick, T. R. (Ed.). (2012).The medical device RD handbook. CRC Press. Lakhan, P., Faoagali, J., Steinhardt, R., Olesen, D. (2013). Shelf life of sterilized packaged items stored in acute care hospital settings: factors for consideration.Healthcare infection,18(3), 121-129. Lever, M., Ho, G. (2012). Reducing energy for cellulose ethanol production by the use of sterilising agents in lieu of steam.Renewable energy,43, 403-406. Liu, L. M., Curtis, J., Crookes, P. A. (2014). Identifying essential infection control competencies for newly graduated nurses: a three-phase study in Australia and Taiwan.Journal of Hospital Infection,86(2), 100-109. McDonnell, G., Sheard, D. (2012).A practical guide to decontamination in healthcare. John Wiley Sons. McGain, F., Moore, G., Black, J. (2016). Hospital steam sterilizer usage: could we switch off to save electricity and water?.Journal of health services research policy,21(3), 166-171. Moraru, D., Moleavin, I. (2014). Assessment of the environmental conditions of a public hospital.Acta medica transilvanica,19(4). Patel, P. B., Thula, K. C., Maheshwari, D. G. (2015). Medical device regulation and its comparison in Europe, Australia and India.Indo American Journal of Pharm Research,5(03), 1211-22. Reed, C. S., Gorrie, G., Spelman, D. (2013). Hospital infection control in Australia.Journal of Hospital Infection,54(4), 267-271. Van Eldik, D. A., Zilm, P. S., Rogers, A. H., Marin, P. D. (2014). A SEM evaluation of debris removal from endodontic files after cleaning and steam sterilization procedures.Australian dental journal,49(3), 128-135. Dorsch, J. A. (2012).Understanding anesthesia equipment. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Kucklick, T. R. (Ed.). (2012).The medical device RD handbook. CRC Press. Moraru, D., Moleavin, I. (2014). Assessment of the environmental conditions of a public hospital.Acta medica transilvanica,19(4) Agar, J. W. (2012). Personal viewpoint: hemodialysiswater, power, and waste disposal: rethinking our environmental responsibilities.Hemodialysis International,16(1), 6-10. Lakhan, P., Faoagali, J., Steinhardt, R., Olesen, D. (2013). Shelf life of sterilized packaged items stored in acute care hospital settings: factors for consideration.Healthcare infection,18(3), 121-129. Liu, L. M., Curtis, J., Crookes, P. A. (2014). Identifying essential infection control competencies for newly graduated nurses: a three-phase study in Australia and Taiwan.Journal of Hospital Infection,86(2), 100-109. Reed, C. S., Gorrie, G., Spelman, D. (2013). Hospital infection control in Australia.Journal of Hospital Infection,54(4), 267-271 Dillard, D. (2014). Research Guides: DISASTERS: Social Work Guide: Disasters: Health and Medical Fields Issues and Topics.